





^ York. 1-d.) 



357 

?7 

1 



AN INVESTIGATION INTO 
THE MORTALITY RATES OF 
THE CITY OF NEW YORK 



JOHN F. ROCHE 



Reprinted from Transactions of the Actuarial Society of America, 

No. 29 



tf 



A 



yw 



426 

An Investigation into the Mortality rates of the 
City of New York. 



JOHN F. ROCHE. 



Each decennial census of Great Britain, from that of 1841 to 
that of 1891, has, with few exceptions, been followed by a 
thorough investigation into the mortality rates of the people at 
the time of the enumeration. Dr. Farr made the first three of 
these investigations, which are summed up in what are known to 
us as Farr's English Tables Nos. 1, 2, and 3, and which set forth 
the mortality rates of the English people for the years 1841-1851. 
The English Table No. 4 was the result of the labors of Dr. Ogle, 
Farr's successor, and was based upon the census returns of 187 1 
and 1881, and the deaths for the ten years, 1871-1880. Dr. 
Tatharn constructed the English Table No. 5 from the enumera- 
tions of 1881 and 1891, and the deaths for the years 1881-1890. 

These tables show a constant decrease in the death rates and 
a corresponding increase in the Expectation of Life at birth, 
which rises from 39.91 years and 41.85 years, males and females 
respectively, as given in Farr's Table No. 3, to 43.66 years and 
47.18, respectively, as found by Dr. Tatham. This is a gain of 
2,% years for males and 5^ years for females. The last English 
Table shows an improvement over its predecessors in the 
Expectation of Life at every age from birth to 26; but at the 
older ages it develops a decrease in the span of life, due, it 
seems to me, not to any deterioration of the people, but to the 
continual outflow of young, strong lives from the mother country 
to the various colonies and to the States. 

It is only by such studies as these that the Executives in 
charge of the health of a community are enabled to keep their 
fingers upon the public pulse, and note the effects of every advance 
in medicine and surgery, and the effects of every improvement 
in sanitation. 

Including that of 1900, there have been made twelve 
enumerations of the people of the United States. Much data 
and valuable information have been gathered regarding the 
population and deaths, but we have thus far contented ourselves 
with mere guesses as to the possible trend of the death rates. 



427 

The vital statistics of no period have been crystalized into a 
mortality table. It is unfortunate that such is the case, but it is 
to be hoped that the Census Bureau, which has been lately made 
a permanent institution, will in the near future set before us a 
table describing the mortality rates of our people at the beginning 
of this, the twentieth, century. I should indeed be pleased to 
have the honor of constructing the American Table No. i, but 
such a task is far too great for the time at my disposal. I have 
determined, however, to lay before the Society an investigation 
into the mortality rates of some community large enough to give 
an average, and for this purpose have chosen that of the City of 
New York, whose vital statistics are near at hand. 

My request for the population figures of New York, as found 
by the enumeration of 1900, was met with consideration by Mr. 
Merriam, the Commissioner of the Census Bureau; and we are 
under obligations to Mr. ^ing , the Chief Statistician for Population 
of the same Bureau, for the figures given in Table A. In his 
remarks upon population, Mr.lSSg says that the people of our 
country are as prone as those of any other to give their ages in 
round numbers, and that, notwithstanding the care taken, slight 
congestions in the figures appear at the quinquennial ages. The 
disturbances consequent upon these congestions could to a great 
extent be avoided if our statisticians would make the quinquennial 
the central age rather than one of the terminal ages of the 
quinquennial group. 

A glance at Table A shows that more boys than girls are born 
in New York, but that the boys seem less able than the girls to 
resist the ills of infancy. At about the age of 7, the girls 
outnumber the boys, and are in numerical excess at every age up 
to that of about 28. From age 29 to 56, the males are more 
numerous than the females; but from this latter point until the 
end of the table the women again outnumber the men. All in 
all, there were nearly 26,000 more women than men in New York 
in 1900. 

At the time of the enumeration, there were in this city 3,693 
men who did not know their ages, while, contrary to all accepted 
tradition, there were less than half as many women, or only 1,743. 
who had forgotten theirs. Before using the figures of Table A, 
these "unknown " were distributed among their respective kinds, 
pro rata, beginning with the age group 15-19. 



428 



TABLE A. 

Population of the City of New York. 



Age Groups 


Males 


Females 


O — I 


43'765 


42,832 


1—4 


155-918 


154,772 


5—9 


177-591 


I77.I56 


IO—I4 


149.906 


151,358 


15—19 


140,670 


162,081 


20 — 24 


161,988 


192,853 


25—29 


178.390 


185,003 


30—34 


164, 7S8 


153,172 


35—39 


146,737 


133,055 


40—44 


H4,358 


99,895 


45—49 


80,264 


77,157 


5o—54 


66,231 


64,680 


55—59 


44,878 


45,450 


60 — 64 


33>8i4 


37,141 


65—69 


19,934 


23,577 


70—74 


12,981 


15,737 


75—79 


6,236 


8,272 


80—84 


2,570 


3,76l 


85—89 


786 


1,303 


90—94 


167 


379 


95—99 


34 


104 


100 and over 


6 


16 


Unknown 


3,693 


i,743 


Total 


1,705,705 


i,73i,497 



429 



TABLE B. 
•Deaths tn the City of New York. 



Age Groups 


Males 




Females 


















1899 


1900 


1901 


1899 


1900 


1901 


O 


8,505 


9.2IO 


8,464 


6,876 


7.430 


7,003 


I 


2,382 


2,588 


2,460 


2,112 


2,298 


2,229 


2 


I,OI4 


1,114 


983 


927 


1,033 


916 


3 


592 


689 


655 


628 


615 


593 


4 
o— 4 


383 


405 


478 


382 


454 


475 
11,216 


12,876 


14,006 


13,040 


IO,925 


11,830 


5—9 


924 


1,046 


1,141 


89I 


1,027 


989 


io — 14 


381 


431 


467 


407 


432 


437 


15—19 


64I 


677 


712 


646 


712 


690 


20 — 24 


1,211 


1,360 


i,347 


I,3H 


i,343 


1,249 


25—34 


3,814 


4,095 


4,269 


3,045 


3,297 


3,204 


35—44 


4,120 


4,527 


4,797 


2,857 


3,o8o 


3,163 


45—54 


3,619 


3,951 


4,042 


2,599 


2,937 


2,903 


55—64 


3,213 


3,398 


3,740 


2,950 


3,166 


3,378 


65—74 


2,617 


2,78l 


2,773 


2,7H 


2,838 


3,096 


75—84 


1,300 


1,403 


1,426 


1,500 


1,710 


1,830 


85 and over 


27I 


303 


290 


508 


522 


521 


Total 


34,987 


37.978 


38,044 


30,356 


32,894 


32,676 



43o 
The deaths, for the years 1899, 1900, and 1901, as exhibited 
in Table B, were taken directly from the annual reports of the 
City Health Department. It is probably owing to the paucity of 
numbers that the age groups in these reports are made to 
terminate with the group 75-84. There would have been added 
interest to our investigation if these groups had been carried 
forward to even that of 85-94. We should then be able to discover 
with greater exactness the death rates peculiar to the people of 
the community at the extreme old ages. As it is, we must, from 
age 85 to the end of the table, make use of an approximation. 

The census enumeration of New York was presumably made 
on June 1, 1900; and to obtain the deaths for a year, in which 
June 1 would be the center, a uniform distribution throughout 
the calendar year was assumed. The death rate for 1899 being 
somewhat low, and that for 1900 being correspondingly high, it 
was judged that a fair average could be obtained by grouping 
together the deaths of two years. There were taken, therefore, 
one-half of the deaths of the year immediately preceding, and of 
the year immediately succeeding, June 1, 1900. The average 
death rate thus derived was 21.76 per thousand for males, 18.54 
per thousand for females, and 20.14 P er thousand for the entire 
population. 

The death rates per thousand of the entire population for the 
years 1898, 1899, 1900, and 1901, are as follows: 

1898 20.26 

1899 19-47 

i9°° 20.57 

1901 20.00 

Having the population and deaths in the form described, the 
manner of constructing the mortality table was next considered. 
The method used by Milne in the formation of the Carlisle Table 
seemed to be the easiest of application, and the one best adapted 
to retaining the distinctive features of the data. It was therefore 
selected. The fact that Mr/ K;H » g , of the Census Bureau, gave 
the number living for the age 0-1, was of the greatest help in 
drawing the population curves at the infantile ages. The values 
of the ordinates of the population and death curves are set 
forth in Table C. 



43i 
TABLE C. 

Populations and Deaths Distributed for Each Age. 



Age 


Males 


Females 












Population 


Deaths 


Population 


Deaths 


O 


43-765 


8,849 


42,830 


7,l8o 


I 


40,495 


2,501 


40,650 


2,230 


2 


39,330 


1,058 


39,000 


978 


3 


38,495 


654 


38,020 


614 


4 


37,600 


413 


37,IOO 


438 


5 


37,000 


325 


36,600 


315 


6 


36,400 


25O 


36,2IO 


235 


7 


35,7IO 


195 


35,800 


185 


8 


34,760 


I50 


34,850 


I40 


9 


33,72° 


no 


33,700 


I05 


IO 


32,OIO 


85 


32,400 


85 


ii 


30,700 


70 


30,800 


70 


12 


29, 7OO 


79 


29,400 


76 


13 


29,050 


90 


29,260 


90 


14 


28,450 


100 


29,500 


I05 


*5 


28,000 


no 


30,210 


115 


16 


27,810 


120 


3I,OIO 


125 


17 


27,900 


130 


32,300 


135 


18 


28,400 


145 


33, 7°o 


145 


19 


29,000 


169 


35, IO ° 


168 


20 


29,900 


199 


36,600 


207 


21 


31,050 


234 


38,200 


245 


22 


32,450 


265 


39,280 


275 


23 


34,000 


295 


39,700 


288 


24 


35,IOO 


320 


39,350 


3OO 


25 


36,040 


350 


38,680 


307 


26 


36, I 20 


37o 


38,020 


315 


27 


36,200 


385 


37,400 


320 


28 


35,650 


395 


36, 300 


327 


29 


34-940 


405 


34,870 


335 


30 


34.3IO 


415 


33,32o 


330 


31 


33,650 


420 


31,620 


3*5 


32 


33.040 


430 


30,300 


320 


33 


32,450 


435 


2.9, 460 


3i5 


34 


31,860 


445 


28,690 


310 



43 2 
TABLE C— Continued. 



AGE 


Males 


Females 












Population 


Deaths 


Population 


Deaths 


| 

35 


31,260 


454 


27,890 


307 


36 


30.550 


459 


26,990 


306 


37 


29,800 


464 


26,050 


305 


38 


28,520 


469 


25,150 


305 


39 


27,070 


464 


24,200 


304 


40 


25,7CO 


449 


23,240 


304 


4i 


24,400 


440 


21,940 


303 


42 


23,120 


430 


20,580 


302 


43 


2 1 , 600 


420 


19,200 


30O 


44 


19,900 


415 


18,050 


296 


45 


18,690 


407 


17,350 


292 


46 


17.540 


403 


16,700 


283 


47 


16,590 


400 


16,000 


275 


48 


15,690 


396 


15,340 


270 


49 


14,830 


39i 


14,580 


27O 


50 


14,140 


386 


13,900 


275 


5i 


I3.440 


380 


I3,l6o 


282 


52 


12,730 


375 


I2,4IO 


287 


53 


I2,OIO 


370 


II,6oO 


295 


54 


H.3CO 


365 


11,000 


302 


55 


10,780 


360 


10,480 


3IO 


56 


.IO,o6o 


356 


10,020 


316 


57 


9,400 


352 


9.550 


325 


58 


8,740 


350 


9,080 


327 


59 


8,060 


346 


8,580 


325 


60 


7,520 


340 


8.IOO 


320 


61 


6,960 


336 


7,600 


315 


62 


6,390 


330 


7.040 


3IO 


63 


5,790 


325 


6,460 


30I 


64 


5,240 


320 


5,800 


298 


65 


4,820 


3i5 


5>46o 


295 


66 


4,480 


305 


5.I50 


293 


67 


4,090 


300 


4,820 


291 


6S 


3,750 


295 


4,480 


29O 


69 


3.390 


285 


4,130 


287 


70 


3.080 


275 


3.78o 


285 


7i 


2,790 


265 


3,42o 


283 


72 


2,500 


249 


3,o6o 


28o 


73 


2,200 


229 


2,710 


277 


74 


1,920 


214 


2,360 


275 



433 
TABLE C — Continued. 



Age 


Mai.ES 


Females 












Population 


Deaths 


Population 


Deaths 


75 


1,680 


200 


2,120 


255 


76 


1,480 


185 


I,86o 


230 


77 


1,260 


170 


1,630 


2IO 


78 


1,050 


l6o 


1,420 


I90 


79 


87O 


145 


1,240 


I70 


80 


720 


I30 


1,050 


152 


81 


580 


115 


880 


I36 


82 


480 


I02 


730 


I20 


83 


4OO 


90 


6lO 


no 


84 
85 


3IO 

250 


80 


5IO 
4IO 


IOO 


85 and over 


85 and over 


86 


200 


291 


320 


5i8 


87 


I50 




250 




88 


no 




I90 




89 


80 




I40 




90 


60 




IOO 




9i 


45 




90 




92 


30 




70 




93 


20 




60 




94 


15 




55 




95 


11 




45 




96 


8 




30 




97 


6 




15 




98 


5 




9 




99 


4 




5 




100 


3 




4 




101 


2 




3 




102 


1 




3 




103 






3 




104 






2 




105 






1 




Total 


1,705,725 


37>n8 


i,73i,495 


32,110 



434 

The central death rate, m x ^ for both males and females, 

having been derived from the data in Table C, by dividing the 

deaths at each age by the population at the corresponding age, 

this function was plotted out on cross-ruled paper, and found to 

run fairly well; so well, indeed, that further adjustment was 

deemed unnecessary for the purpose in hand. Then by means of 

2 — tn x 
the formula /j- = — - — — - the probability of living a year, /^ was 
2 -\-m x 

worked out for each age as far as age 84. It was noticed, 

in comparing the results thus obtained with Farr's No. 3 Table, 

that the male/^ in our table gradually decreased from 100 per 

cent, of the English male p x at age 24, to about 96 per cent, at 

age 81, where the decrease seemed to halt and the percentage 

evinced a tendency to remain constant. Consequently, the/^ for 

males in the New York Table was carried forward from 85 to 

the limiting age, 103, by taking 96 per cent, of the male p x in 

the English Table, a rough, but an effective, approximation. 

A closer relation was observed to exist between the p x for 
females in the New York and English Tables. From age 39 to 
84 the p x for New York females was pretty constantly 99 per 
cent, of the p x for the English females, and the local table was, 
therefore, completed by taking 99 per cent, of the female p x in 
Farr's No. 3 from age 85 to the end. In our table the limiting 
age for females is 105. Having p x for each age, the mortality 
tables D and E were constructed from the arbitrary radix, 100,000 
births, each. 

Putting these two mortality tables, D and E, side by side, it 
is seen that out of every one hundred girls born in New York, 
eighty-four attain their first birthday, whereas only eighty-one 
boys out of every hundred born therein have the like good 
fortune. With the exception of ages 4 and 14, where evident 
irregularities, due to lack of perfect adjustment, appear, the 
chances of attaining the next birthday are ever in favor of the 
girls. At age 44 there are but half of the 100,000 male births 
surviving, while it takes death 50 years to effect a similar reduction 
among the females. The average girl of our city can, upon 
opening her eyes for the first time, look forward to a span of life 
four years in excess of that allotted to her brother, the Expectation 
of Life at birth being 42.96 years for the former, and only 38.95 
years for the latter. 



435 

TABLE D. 

Mortality Table. 

(Males.) 



Age 


/, 


d x 


P* 


Expectation 


X 


of Life. 










Years. 


O 


IOO.OCO 


18,363 


.81637 


38.95 


I 


81,637 


4,891 


.94009 


46. 59 


2 


76,746 


2,037 


•97346 


4853 


3 


74,709 


1.259 


•98315 


48.84 


4 


73.450 


802 


.98908 


48.67 


5 


72,648 


635 


.99126 


48 20 


6 


72,013 


493 


•99315 


47 62 


7 


71,520 


390 


•99455 


46-95 


8 


71,130 


307 


.99569 


46.20 


9 


70,823 


230 


•99675 


45 40 


IO 


70,593 


188 


•99734 


44-55 


ii 


70,405 


161 


.99772 


43.66 


12 


70,244 


188 


.99732 


42.76 


13 


70,056 


217 


.99690 


41.88 


14 


69,839 


244 


•99650 


41 .01 


15 


69,595 


273 


. 99608 


40.15 


16 


69,322 


298 


•99570 


39-30 


17 


69,024 


321 


•99535 


38.47 


18 


68,703 


350 


.99490 


37.65 


19 


68,353 


397 


.99419 


36.84 


20 


67,956 


45i 


•99336 


36.05 


21 


67,505 


507 


.99249 


35-29 


22 


66,998 


545 


.99186 


34-55 


23 


66,453 


574 


.99136 


33-83 


24 


65,879 


598 


.99092 


33-12 


25 


65,281 


631 


•99034 


32.42 


26 


64,650 


659 


.98981 


31-73 


27 


63,991 


677 


.98942 


31-05 


28 


63,3M 


698 


.98898 


30-38 


29 


62,616 


721 


.98848 


29.71 


30 


61,895 


745 


•98797 


29.05 


3i 


61,150 


758 


.98760 


28.40 


32 


60,392 


781 


.98707 


27-75 


33 


59,6n 


794 


.98668 


27. 11 


34 


58,817 


816 


.98613 


26.47 



436 

TABLE D— Continued. 

Mortality Table. 

(Males.) 



Age 


/* 


d x 


P* 


Expectation 


X 


of Life 










Years. 


35 


58,001 


836 


.98558 


25-83 


36 


57,i65 


852 


.98509 


25.20 


37 


56,313 


870 


.98455 


24.58 


38 


55-443 


904 


.98369 


23.96 


39 


54,539 


927 


.983OI 


23-34 


40 


53,6i2 


93i 


.98264 


22 .74 


41 


52,681 


941 


.98213 


22.13 


42. 


5i,74o 


954 


•98157 


21-53 


43 


50,786 


978 


.98075 


20.92 


44 


49,808 


1,029 


•97935 


20.32 


45 


48,779 


1,051 


•97845 


19.74 


46 


47,728 


1,084 


•97728 


19. 16 


47 


46,644 


1, in 


.97618 


18.60 


48 


45,533 


i,i35 


•97507 


18.04 


49 


44,398 


1,156 


.97396 


17.49 


50 


43,242 


1,165 


.97307 


16.94 


51 


42,077 


i,i73 


.97212 


16.40 


52 


40,904 


1,187 


•97097 


15-85 


53 


39,717 


1,205 


.96966 


i5-3i 


54 


38,512 


1,224 


.96821 


14.78 


55 


37,288 


1,225 


.96716 


14.24 


56 


36,063 


1,254 


•96523 


13-71 


57 


34,809 


1,280 


•96324 


13-19 


58 


33,529 


i,3!6 


.96074 


12 .67 


59 


32,213 


i,354 


•95797 


12 . 17 


60 


30,859 


1,364 


•95579 


11.68 


61 


29,495 


i,390 


.95286 


11 .20 


62 


28,105 


i,4i5 


.94966 


10.73 


63 


26,690 


i,457 


•94540 


10.27 


64 


25,233 


i,495 


•94074 


9-83 


65 


23,738 


1,502 


•93672 


9.42 


66 


22,236 


1,464 


.93416 


9.02 


67 


20,772 


1,470 


.92925 


8.62 


68 


19,302 


1,461 


•9243 1 


8.24 


69 


17,841 


i,439 


.91932 


7.88 



437 

TABLE D— Continued. 

Mortality Table. 
(Males.) 



Age 

X 


/* 


d x 


P* 


Expectation 
of Life. 










Years. 


70 


16,402 


1,402 


•91453 


7-52 


71 


15,000 


1,360 


• 90933 


7.18 


72 


13,640 


1.294 


.90512 


6.S5 


73 


12,346 


1,227 


. 9006 I 


6.51 


74 


11,119 


1. 174 


.89442 


6. 17 


75 


9.945 


1,117 


.88764 


5-84 


76 


8,828 


1,039 


•88235 


5-52 


77 


7.789 


984 


.87361 


5-19 


78 


6,805 


964 


.85841 


4.87 


79 


5.841 


899 


.84615 


4-59 


80 


4.942 


818 


•83439 


4-33 


81 


4,124 


744 


.81960 


4.09 


82 


3,38o 


649 


.80791 


3.88 


83 


2,73i 


552 


•79775 


3-69 


84 


2,179 


474 


.78228 


3-50 


85 


1.705 


39i 


.77070 


3-33 


86 


1. 3M 


3i7 


•75877 


3-17 


87 


997 


253 


.74628 


3.02 


88 


744 


198 


•73341 


2.87 


89 


54 6 


153 


.72000 


2.74 


90 


393 


115 


. 70642 


2 .61 


9i 


278 


86 


.69224 


2.48 


92 


192 


62 


.67781 


2.36 


93 


130 


44 


.66292 


2.25 


94 


86 


30 


. 64804 


2-15 


95 


56 


21 


•63155 


2.04 


96 


35 


13 


.61665 


1 .96 


97 


22 


9 


.60000 


1.82 


98 


13 


5 


•58473 


i-73 


99 


8 


3 


•56597 


1.50 


100 


5 


3 




1 . 10 


101 


2 


1 






102 


1 


1 











438 










TABLE ] 


E. 








Mortality Table. 








(Females 


) 




Age 


l x 


d x 


P* 


Expectation 


X 


of Life. 










Years. 


O 


100,000 


15,468 


•84532 


42.96 


I 


84>532 


4,5H 


. 94660 


49-73 


2 


80,018 


1,982 


•97523 


5I-50 


3 


78,036 


1,251 


•98397 


51.80 


4 


76,785 


901 


.98826 


51.64 


5 


75,884 


650 


•99*43 


51-24 


6 


75.234 


487 


•99353 


50.68 


7 


74,747 


386 


• 99484 


50.01 


8 


74,36i 


298 


•99599 


49.27 


9 


74,063 


231 


.99688 


48.46 


IO 


73,832 


193 


•99738 


47.61 


ii 


73,639 


167 


•99773 


46.74 


12 


73*472 


190 


•99742 


45-84 


13 


73,282 


226 


.99692 


44.96 


14 


73- 56 


259 


•99645 


44.10 


15 


72,797 


277 


.99620 


43-25 


16 


72,520 


292 


.99598 


42.41 


17 


72,228 


301 


•99583 


41.58 


18 


71,927 


309 


•99571 


40.76 


19 


71,618 


342 


.99522 


39-93 


20 


71,276 


402 


•99436 


39.12 


21 


70,874 


453 


.99361 


38.34 


22 


70,421 


492 


.99302 


37-58 


23 


69,929 


505 


.99278 


36.84 


24 


69,424 


527 


.99241 


36.11 


25 


68,897 


545 


.99209 


35-38 


26 


68,352 


565 


.99174 


34.66 


27 


67,787 


578 


.99148 


33-94 


28 


67,209 


603 


.99103 


33 2 3 


29 


66,606 


637 


• 99044 


32-52 


30 


65,969 


650 


.99015 


3I-83 


3i 


65,3*9 


668 


•98977 


3I-I5 


32 


64,651 


679 


.98950 


30.46 


33 


63,972 


680 


•98937 


29.78 


34 


63,292 


680 


.98925 


29.09 



439 

TABLE E — Conthiued. 

Mortality Table. 

(Females.) 



Age 


l* 


d x 


P* 


Expectation 


X 


of Life 










Years. 


35 


62,612 


686 


• 98905 


28.4I 


36 


61,926 


699 


.98872 


27.7I 


37 


61,227 


713 


.98836 


27.03 


33 


60,514 


730 


.98794 


26.34 


39 


59>784 


746 


•98752 


25-65 


40 


59,038 


767 


.98700 


24.97 


4i 


58,271 


799 


.98628 


24.29 


42 


57,472 


837 


.98544 


23.62 


43 


5 6 ,635 


878 


.98449 


22.97 


44 


55,757 


907 


•98373 


22 .32 


45 


54,850 


915 


•98331 


21.68 


46 


53,935 


907 


.98319 


21 .04 


47 


53,028 


904 


.98296 


20.39 


48 


52,124 


910 


•98255 


I9.74 


49 


51,214 


940 


.98165 


I9.08 


50 


50,274 


985 


.98041 


18.43 


5i 


49,289 


1,045 


.97880 


17.78 


52 


48,244 


1, 103 


•97713 


17. l6 


53 


47,i4i 


1,184 


.97489 


16.55 


54 


45,957 


1,245 


.97292 


15.96 


55 


44,712 


1,303 


.97085 


15-39 


56 


43,409 


i,348 


•96895 


14.84 


57 


42,061 


1,407 


•96654 


14.30 


58 


40,654 


i,438 


.96462 


13-78 


59 


39,216 


i,458 


.96282 


13.26 


60 


37,758 


1,463 


.96126 


12 .76 


61 


36,295 


i,474 


•95939 


12.25 


62 


34,82i 


1,500 


.95692 


n-75 


63 


33,32i 


i,5i7 


•95447 


11-25 


64 


31,804 


i,593 


.94991 


10.77 


65 


30,211 


1,589 


•94739 


10.31 


66 


28,622 


1,583 


. 94468 


9-85 


67 


27,039 


1,584 


.94140 


9.40 


68 


25,455 


i,596 


•93730 


8-95 


69 


23,859 


1,602 


.93284 


8.52 



44° 

TABLE E— Continued. 

Mortality Table. 

(Females.) 



Age 

X 


I* 


d x 


P* 


Expectation 
of Life. 










Years. 


70 


22,257 


1,617 


92734 


8. IO 


71 


20,640 


1,640 


92054 


7.69 


72 


19,000 


1,662 


91250 


7-3i 


73 


17.338 


1,686 


90276 


6.96 


74 


15-652 


1,723 


88989 


6.66 


75 


I3.929 


1,580 


88654 


6.42 


76 


12,349 


1,438 


88354 


6.18 


77 


10,911 


i,32i 


87897 


5-93 


78 


9,59o 


1,203 


87459 


5.68 


79 


8,387 


1,076 


87170 


5-42 


80 


7,3" 


987 


86501 


5H 


81 


6,324 


907 


85654 


4.87 


82 


5.417 


823 


84810 


4.60 


83 


4,594 


760 


83458 


4-33 


84 


3,834 


685 


82143 


4.09 


85 


3,H9 


602 


80868 


3-87 


86 


2,547 


5i8 


79676 


3-67 


87 


2,029 


438 


78434 


3-48 


88 


i,59i 


364 


77142 


3-30 


89 


1,227 


297 


75796 


3-13 


90 


930 


238 


74422 


2.97 


9i 


692 


187 


72990 


2.81 


92 


505 


144 


71513 


2.67 


93 


361 


108 


70012 


2-54 


94 


253 


80 


68490 


2.41 


95 


173 


57 


66900 


2 29 


96 


116 


40 


65260 


2. 16 


97 


76 


28 


63643 


2.04 


98 


48 


18 


61810 


1 .94 


99 


30 


12 


60406 


1 .80 


100 


18 


7 


•58438 


1 .67 


101 


11 


5 


•57071 




102 


6 


3 


•54551 




103 


3 


2 






104 


1 


1 







441 

A comparison of the above mortality tables with Farr's No. 3, 
brings out the fact that the English infants are sturdier than 
ours, for two more of each sex, out of every one hundred born, 
reach their first birthday, namely, eighty-three boys and eighty- 
six girls. Our youths, and young men and women, however, 
seem to have a firmer hold on life than do their cousins, as the/^ 
of the New York males is greater at each age from 4 to 24, and 
the female p x from 3 to 39, than are the corresponding^ in the 
English Table. The number of British males at birth is not 
reduced to one-half until age 45, one year later in life than is 
the case in the New York Table. And the English females at 
birth are reduced to one-half at age 47, three years earlier than 
in our local Table for females. The Expectation of Life for the 
average English boy is, at birth, 39.91 years; it is 38.95 years, 
or about one year less, for the New York boy. The corresponding 
span of life for the British girl is 41.85 years, while it is about one 
year more, or 42.96 years for the average girl in this city. 

The following table gives the Expectation of Life at each age 
according to the English Table No. 3, and the New York Table: 



44 2 

TABLE F. 

"Expectation of Life according to the Following Tables: 



Age 


English No. 3 


New York City 












Males 


Females 


Males 


Females 




Years. 


Years 


Years. 


Years. 


o 


39-91 


4I.85 


38.95 


42.96 


I 


46.65 


47-31 


4659 


49-73 


2 


48.83 


49.40 


48.53 


51-50 


3 


49.61 


5C.20 


48.84 


51.80 


4 


49.81 


50.43 


48.67 


51.64 


5 


49.71 


50.33 


48.20 


51.24 


6 


49-39 


50.00 


47.62 


50.68 


7 


48.92 


49-53 


46.95 


50.01 


8 


48.37 


48.98 


46.2O 


49.27 


9 


47-74 


48.35 


45-40 


48.46 


IO 


4705 


47.67 


44-55 


47.61 


ii 


46.31 


46.95 


43.66 


46.74 


12 


45-54 


46.20 


42.76 


45-84 


13 


44.76 


45.44 


41.88 


44.96 


14 


43-97 


44.66 


41.01 


44.10 


*5 


43-18 


43-90 


40.15 


43-25 


16 


42.40 


43-14 


39-3o 


42.41 


17 


41.64 


42.40 


38.47 


41.58 


18 


40.90 


41.67 


37 65 


40.76 


19 


40.17 


40.97 


36.84 


39-93 


20 


39.48 


40.29 


36.05 


39.12 


21 


38.80 


3963 


35-29 


38.34 


22 


38.13 


38.98 


34-55 


37.58 


23 


37-46 


38-33 


33-83 


36.84 


24 


36.79 


37.68 


33-12 


36.11 


25 


36.12 


37- 04 


32.42 


35-38 


26 


35-44 


36.39 


31.73 


34-66 


27 


34-77 


35-75 


31-05 


33-94 


28 


34.10 


35- 10 


30-38 


33-23 


29 


33-43 


3446 


29.71 


32.52 


30 


32.76 


33-8i 


29.05 


31.83 


3 1 


32.09 


33-17 


28.40 


31-15 


32 


3I-42 


32.53 


27-75 


30.46 


33 


30-74 


31.88 


27.1 1 


29.78 


34 


30.07 


31-23 


26.47 


29.09 



443 
TABLE F— Continued. 

Expectation of Life. 



Agb 


ENGLISH NO. 


New York City 












Males 


Females 


Males 


Females 




Years. 


Years. 


Years. 


Years. 


35 


29.40 


3C-59 


25-83 


28.41 


36 


28 73 


29.94 


25.20 


27.71 


37 


28.06 


29.29 


24.58 


27.03 


33 


27-39 


28.64 


23.96 


26.34 


39 


26.72 


27.99 


23-34 


25-65 


40 


26.06 


27-34 


22.74 


24.97 


4i 


25-39 


26.69 


22.13 


24.29 


42 


24-73 


26.03 


21-53 


23.62 


43 


24.07 


25.38 


20.92 


22.97 


44 


2341 


24.72 


20 32 


22.32 


45 


22.76 


24.06 


J 9-74 


21.68 


46 


22.11 


23.40 


19.16 


21.04 


47 


21.46 


22.74 


18.60 


20.39 


48 


20.82 


22.08 


18.04 


19.74 


49 


20. 17 


21.42 


17.49 


19.08 


50 


19-54 


20.75 


16.94 


18.43 


5i 


18.90 


20.09 


16.40 


17.78 


52 


18.28 


19.42 


15.85 


17.16 


53 


17.67 


18.75 


15-31 


16.55 


54 


17.06 


18.08 


14.78 


15.96 


55 


16.45 


17-43 


14.24 


15-39 


56 


15.86 


16.79 


13-71 


14.84 


57 


15.26 


16. 17 


13- J 9 


14.30 


58 


14.68 


15-55 


12.67 


I3-78 


59 


14.10 


14.94 


12.17 


13.26 


60 


13-53 


14-34 


11.68 


12.76 


61 


12.96 


13-75 


11.20 


12.25 


62 


12.41 


13-17 


10.73 


"•75 


63 


11.87 


12.60 


10.27 


11.25 


64 


n-34 


12.05 


9.83 


10.77 


65 


10.82 


11. 51 


9.42 


10.31 


66 


10.32 


10.98 


9.02 


9-85 


67 


9-83 


10.47 


8.62 


9.40 


68 


9 36 


9-97 


8.24 


8.95 


69 


8.90 


9 48 


7.88 


8.52 



444 

TABLE F— Continued. 

Expectation of Life. 



Age 


English No. 3 


New Yokk City 












Males 


Females 


Males 


Females 




Years. 


Years. 


Years. 


Years. 


70 


8-45 


9.O2 


7-5^ 


8.IO 


7 1 


8.O3 


8-57 


7.18 


7.69 


72 


7.62 


8.13 


6.85 


7-3i 


73 


7.22 


7.7I 


6.51 


6.96 


74 


6.85 


7-31 


6. 17 


6.66 


75 


6.49 


6-93 


5-84 


6.42 


76 


6.15 


6.56 


5-52 


6.18 


77 


5-82 


6.21 


5-19 


5-93 


78 


5-5i 


5.88 


4.87 


5-68 


79 


5-2i 


5.56 


4 59 


5-42 


80 


4-93 


5.26 


4-33 


5-14 


81 


4.66 


4.98 


4.09 


4.87 


82 


4.41 


4.71 


3.88 


4.60 


83 


4.17 


4-45 


3- 69 


4.33 


84 


3-95 


4.21 


3-50 


4.09 


85 


3-73 


3-98 


3-33 


3-87 


86 


3-53 


3-76 


3- 17 


3-67 


87 


3-34 


3- 56 


3.02 


3.48 


88 


3.16 


3-36 


2.87 


3-30 


89 


3.00 


3-i8 


2 74 


3-13 


90 


2.84 


3.01 


2.61 


2.97 


9i 


2.69 


2.85 


2.48 


2.81 


92 


2-55 


2.70 


2.36 


2.67 


93 


2.41 


2-55 


2.25 


2-54 


94 


2.29 


2.42 


2.15 


2.41 


95 


2.17 


2.29 


2.04 


2.29 


96 


2.06 


2. 17 


1.96 


2. 16 


97 


1-95 


2.06 


1.82 


2.04 


98 


1.85 


1.96 


173 


1.94 


99 


1.76 


1.86 


1.50 


1.80 


100 


1.68 


1.76 


1. 10 


1.67 



445 

At first glance, it may seem surprising that the mortality rates 
of this great American city should appear so favorable, when put 
alongside of those based upon the statistics of an entire country. 
But we should bear in mind that the English Table No. 3 was 
constructed from data gathered in 1841-1851, more than fifty 
years ago. Since then great advances have been made in medicine, 
surgery, and sanitation. The death rates of our city are much 
lower now than they were a generation ago, but we are unable 
to accurately measure the improvement for lack of previous 
investigations. 

Much has been done to educate our people in hygiene and to 
better the sanitary conditions of their surroundings, but very 
much more remains undone. During the year 1900 there were 
718 deaths in New York from typhoid fever. Properly filtered 
drinking water would reduce the deaths from this disease to a 
few sporadic cases imported from the country districts. Of the 
70,872 deaths that took place in this city during 1900, 9,630, or 
13.6 per cent., an average of twenty-seven deaths a day, were 
caused by consumption. There is no reason why this scourge can 
not be stamped out as completely as smallpox has been, from 
which latter disease there were but twelve deaths in New York 
during the year 1900. We, on this side of the Atlantic, are but 
beginning to talk of taking measures to eradicate the "great white 
plague," while in some places on the continent of Europe they 
have fixed the year, about a quarter of a century hence, in which 
the deaths from consumption will be zero. 



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